
THE SPINE AND PELVIS
The spine and pelvis form the central support structure of the body, providing stability, flexibility, and protection for the nervous system. The spine consists of 33 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, with intervertebral discs acting as cushions between them. It supports the head and torso while allowing a wide range of movements such as bending and twisting. The pelvis is a ring-like bony structure made up of the two hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis), sacrum, and coccyx. It connects the spine to the lower limbs and supports the weight of the upper body during standing and movement. The pelvis also protects pelvic organs and serves as an attachment site for muscles involved in posture, locomotion, and stability. Together, the spine and pelvis play a crucial role in maintaining balance and enabling complex whole-body movements.